Background Murge Appulo-Lucane (south-eastern Italy) is one of the most important breeding areas for the lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni) in the EU. The small bird of prey breeds from the Mediterranean across Asia. European populations of this small bird of prey, which often winters in Africa, have decreased by 90% since the middle of the 20th century, and its range is also shrinking. The main causes of decline are identified as unsuitable agricultural management, human disturbance, power lines and poisoning by pesticides. Other causes for habitat loss are vandalism, poaching, and theft in the nesting sites. In the project area, this situation has led to: the loss of breeding sites and of pre-migration roosting sites; the death of chicks and adult birds; shortage of food resources; increased brood mortality; and a lack of a ‘national action plan’ for lesser kestrel conservation. From 2009, the species has been the target of successful local conservation projects. There is now a need to widen the conservation efforts for this flagship species. Objectives The project’s overall aim is to strengthen the presence of the lesser kestrel in the project area. Specific objectives are to: Increase the presence of breeding sites for the lesser kestrel in the project area, through structural interventions on public and private buildings in historical centres; Recover and treat wounded, trapped or fallen lesser kestrels; Strengthen the protection regime of the target species; Restore habitats in order to increase available food resources; Raise awareness (among students and other citizens) of the importance of the target species; Establish a scientific panel to provide guidelines for drafting a ‘national action plan’; and Share knowledge and methodologies that can be adapted and transferred to other relevant breeding and residential areas in Europe and Africa. Expected results The following direct conservation benefits to the lesser kestrel population in the project area are expected: A 40% increase in breeding; Recovery and rescue of some 750-800 kestrel chicks and adults; Some 600 chicks and adults to be hosted and treated in a dedicated nursery; Fifty roosting sites to receive legal protection; Local farmers and landowners to be informed about the importance and needs of the lesser kestrel; Some 7 ha of land in the Alta Murgia National Park restored and officially recognised as a protected area, thus being able provide food resources; The enhancement of lesser-kernel related educational and information activities by including some 400 local school children in visits to the nursery and bird watching activities. In addition, 5 000 brochures and leaflets will be printed and a video-documentary produced, aimed at students and other citizens; and Drafting of a conservation policy based on best practices, as well as guidelines for drafting a national action pan for the protection of the lesser kestrel.