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Flowering plants exhibit a variety of different life cycles. This variation contributes in nature to adaptation to diverse environments and in agriculture to optimising crop yield. Annual monocarpic species flower once during their life, produce seeds and then undergo generalized senescence leading to death of the plant. By contrast polycarpic perennials survive seed production and live for many y ...

The plant root defines the interface between a multicellular eukaryote and soil, one of the richest microbial ecosystems on earth. Roots grow in intimate association with a root microbiota that is distinct from the complex microbial community present in surrounding soil. A subset of soil bacteria is able to multiply inside roots as benign endophytes and modulate plant growth and development, with ...