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Background Arctic temperatures have increased at almost twice the global average rate over the past 100 years. Warming in the Arctic has been accompanied by an earlier onset of spring melt, a longer melt season and changes in the mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet. The lengthening of the melt season changes the Earth’s albedo, a positive feedback e ...

Background The EU needed a better information base for the Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution and the negotiations of post-Kyoto climate agreements. Reaching political acceptance of further environmental measures required: identification of the most cost-effective measures; demonstration of their full range of environmental benefits taking into account si ...