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Background Water scarcity is among the main problems to be faced by society in the 21st century. Water conservation is one of the key solutions to the scarcity problem and there is increasing recognition of the potential of water reclamation and re-use as a sustainable practice within a framework of integrated water management. Water re-use brings two mai ...

"With increasing demands from customers and public authorities on using environmentally acceptable processes there is a great need for SMEs within the metal surface painting industry to change pre treatment process. Today’s pre treatment system, zinc phosphating, is a chemical process with high consumption of water and energy and with use of potentially toxic chemicals like nickel and zinc. The ne ...