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The intensive use and misuse of antibiotics has resulted in some level of antibiotic resistance in essentially all human bacterial pathogens. There is a growing concern that the loss of therapeutic options will present us with a post-antibiotic era where present and future medical advances are negated. Resistant bacteria dramatically reduce the possibilities of treating infections effectively, a ...

Cleaning validation in the pharmaceutical industry is the verification that the cleaning procedure used to remove contaminants from equipment surfaces is successfully reproducible. In pharmaceutical manufacture, plants or individual pieces of equipment may be dedicated to individual products or indeed used in multi-product manufacture. Cleaning should be carried out as soon as practical after the ...